6 research outputs found
Towards Complete Ocular Disease Diagnosis in Color Fundus Image
Non-invasive assessment of retinal fundus image is well suited for early detection of ocular disease and is facilitated more by advancements in computed vision and machine learning. Most of the Deep learning based diagnosis system gives just a diagnosis(absence or presence) of a certain number of diseases without hinting the underlying pathological abnormalities. We attempt to extract such pathological markers, as an ophthalmologist would do, in this thesis and pave a way for explainable diagnosis/assistance task. Such abnormalities can be present in various regions of a fundus image including vasculature, Optic Nerve Disc/Cup, or even in non-vascular region. This thesis consist of series of novel techniques starting from robust retinal vessel segmentation, complete vascular topology extraction, and better ArteryVein classification. Finally, we compute two of the most important vascular anomalies-arteryvein ratio and vessel tortuosity. While most of the research focuses on vessel segmentation, and artery-vein classification, we have successfully advanced this line of research one step further. We believe it can be a very valuable framework for future researcher working on automated retinal disease diagnosis
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Fear, risk perception, and engagement in preventive behaviors for COVID-19 during nationwide lockdown in Nepal
The world has faced huge negative effects from the COVID-19 pandemic between early 2020 and late 2021. Each country has implemented a range of preventive measures to minimize the risk during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed the COVID-19-related fear, risk perception, and preventative behavior during the nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19 in Nepal. In a cross-sectional study, conducted in mid-2021 during the nationwide lockdown in Nepal, a total of 1484 individuals completed measures on fear of COVID-19, COVID-19 risk perception, and preventive behavior. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with COVID-19 fear. The results revealed significant differences in the fear of COVID-19 in association with the perceived risk of COVID-19 and preventive behaviors. Age, risk perception, preventive behavior, and poor health status were significantly positively related to fear of COVID-19. Perceived risk and preventive behaviors uniquely predicted fear of COVID-19 over and above the effects of socio-demographic variables. Being female and unmarried were the significant factors associated with fear of COVID-19 among study respondents. Higher risk perception, poor health status, and being female were strong factors of increased fear of COVID-19. Targeted interventions are essential to integrate community-level mental health care for COVID-19 resilience
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Burden of Tuberculosis and hepatitis co-infection among people living with HIV in Nepal:a systematic review and meta-analysis
People living with HIV (PLHIV) are prone to tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis co-infections, which cause substantial burden on morbidity and mortality. However, data on the burden of HIV co-infection from a specific low- and middle-income country are limited. To address this gap in evidence, a meta-analysis of published literature and country surveillance report was conducted to estimate the burden of TB, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) co-infection among PLHIV in Nepal. Twenty-three studies, including 5900 PLHIV, were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of HIV–TB, HIV–HBV and HIV–HCV co-infection was 19% (95% CI, 10–28%), 3% (2–5%) and 19% (4–33%), respectively. Low CD4 cell count (pooled odds ratio [OR] 4.38, 95% CI 1.11–17.25), smoking (3.07, 1.48–6.37) and alcohol drinking (3.12, 1.52–6.43) were significantly correlated with HIV–TB co-infection. The odds of HCV co-infection was greater in PLHIV, who were male (5.39, 1.54–18.89) and drug users (166.26, 15.94–1734.44). PLHIV who were on antiretroviral therapy had a reduced risk of HCV co-infection (0.49, 0.36–0.66) than the general PLHIV population. The burden of TB and hepatitis co-infection among PLHIV in Nepal was high. Regular screening of PLHIV for co-infections and prompt initiation of treatment are essential to reduce the transmission of infection and improve quality of life